References & Links: Sciurus carolinensis, Grey Squirrel
Identification
Biology, ecology, spread, vectors
Bertolino, S., Currado, I., Mazzoglio, P.J. & Amori, G. (2000) Native and alien squirrels in Italy. Hystrix – Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 11, 49–58.
Bryce, J., Johnson, P.J. & Macdonald, D.M. (2002) Can niche use in red and grey squirrels offer clues for their apparent coexistence? Journal of Applied Ecology, 39, 875–887.
Currado, I. (1998) The gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin) in Italy: a potential problem for the entire European continent. In Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Tree Squirrels (eds Steele, M.A., Merritt, J.F. & Zegers, D.A.), pp. 263–266. Special Publication 6. Virginia Museum of Natural History.
Gurnell, J. (1996) The effects of food availability and winter weather on the dynamics of a grey squirrel population in southern England. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 325–338.
Kenward, R.E. & Tonkin, J.M. (1986) Red and Grey squirrels: some behavioural and biometric differences. Journal of Zoology, 209, 279–281.
Management and impact
Bertolino, S. & Genovesi, P. (2005) The application of the European strategy on invasive alien species: an example with introduced squirrels. Hystrix – Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 16, 59–69.
Dagnall, J., Gurnell, J. & Pepper, H. (1998) Bark-stripping by gray squirrels in state forests of the United Kingdom: a review. In Ecology and Evolutionary Biology of Tree Squirrels (eds Steele, M.A., Merritt, J.F. & Zegers, D.A.), pp. 249–261. Special Publication 6. Virginia Museum of Natural History.
Duff, J.P., Scott, A. & Keymer, I.F. (1996) Parapox virus infection of the grey squirrel. Veterinary Record, 25, 527.
Genovesi, P. & Bertolino, S. (2001) Guide lines for the control of the American grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis). Quaderni Conservazione Natura. Min. Environment – National Wildlife Institute no. 4, p. 51. (In Italian, English executive summary).
Genovesi, P. & Bertolino, S. (2001) Human dimension aspects in invasive alien species issues: the case of the failure of the grey squirrel eradication project in Italy. In The Great Reshuffling: human dimensions of Invasive Alien Species (ed McNeely, J.A.), pp. 113–119. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Gurnell, J., Rushton, S.P., Lurz, P.W.W., Sainsbury, A.W., Nettleton, P., Shirley, M.D.F., Bruemmer, C. & Geddes, N. (2006) Squirrel poxvirus; landscape scale strategies for managing disease threat. Biological Conservation, 131, 287–295.
Kenward, R.E. (1983) The causes of damage by Red and Grey squirrel. Mammal Review, 13, 159–166.
Kenward, R.E. (1989) Bark-stripping by grey squirrels in Britain and North America: why does the damage differ? In Mammals as Pests (ed Putman, R.J.), pp. 144–154. Chapman & Hall, London.
Lurz, P.W.W., Rushton, S.P., Wauters, L.A., Bertolino, S., Currado, I., Mazzoglio, P.J. & Shirley, M.D.F. (2001) Predicting grey squirrel expansion in North Italy: a spatially explicit modeling approach. Landscape Ecology, 16, 407–420.
Mayle, B. & Gurnell, J. (2004) Increasing efficiency of grey squirrel control in conifer habitats. Forestry and British Timber, April 2004.
Reynolds, J.C. (1985) Details of the geographic replacement of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) by the grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in eastern England. Journal of Animal Ecology, 54, 149–162.
Rowe, J.J. & Gill, M.A. (1985) The susceptibility of tree species to bark-stripping damage by grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in England and Wales. Quarterly Journal of Forestry, 79, 183–190.
Sainsbury, A.W., Nettleton, P., Gilray, J. & Gurnell, J. (2000) Grey squirrels have high seroprevalence to a parapoxvirus associated with deaths in red squirrels. Animal Conservation, 3, 229–233.
Skelcher, G. (1997) The ecological replacement of red by grey squirrels. In The Conservation of Red Squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris L. (eds Gurnell, J. & Lurz, P.W.W.), pp. 67–78. People’s Trust for Endangered Species, London.
Wauters, L. & Gurnell, J. (1999) The mechanism of replacement of red squirrel by grey squirrels: a test of the interference competition hypothesis. Ethology, 105, 1053–1071.
Wauters, L., Gurnell, J., Martinoli, A. & Tosi, G. (2001) Does interspecific competition with grey squirrels affect the foraging behaviour and food choice of red squirrels. Animal Behaviour, 61, 1079–1091.
Wauters, L., Gurnell, J., Martinoli, A. & Tosi, G. (2002) Interspecific competition between native Eurasian red squirrels and alien grey squirrels: does resource partitioning occur? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 52, 332–341.
Wauters, L., Tosi, G. & Gurnell, J. (2002) Interspecific competition in tree squirrels: do introduced grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) deplete tree seeds hoarded by red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris)? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 51, 360–367.
Wauters, L., Tosi, G. & Gurnell, J. (2005) A review of the competitive effects of alien grey squirrels on behaviour, activity and habitat use of red squirrels in mixed, deciduous woodland in Italy. Hystrix – Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 16, 27–40.
Wauters, L.A., Currado, I., Mazzoglio, P.J. & Gurnell, J. (1997) Replacement of red squirrels by introduced grey squirrels in Italy. In The Conservation of Red Squirrels, Sciurus vulgaris L. (eds Gurnell, J. & Lurz, P.W.W.), pp. 79–88. People’s Trust for Endangered Species, London.
Wauters, L.A., Gurnell, J., Currado, I. & Mazzoglio, P.J. (1997) Grey squirrel management in Italy – squirrel distribution in a highly fragmented landscape. Wildlife Biology, 3, 117–124.
Wauters, L.A., Lurz, P.W.W. & Gurnell, J. (2000) The effects of interspecific competition by grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in the space use and population dynamics of red squirrels (S. vulgaris) in conifer plantations. Ecological Research, 15, 271–284.
General
DAISIE fact sheet
Hinterland Who's Who
https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/49075